It is a hauntingly beautiful image. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. [Maurice Vidal] Portman, as Officer in Charge of the Andamanese, went ashore on North Sentinel in 1880 to search for natives. : American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 2017), 318–331. Original copy of As-B28-10Curator's comments M. 53. This book has been written at the request of Lieutenant-Colonel R. British Library, Photo 125/2 (44). Maurice Vidal Portman, The Chest and Stomach of a Man of the South Andaman Group of Tribes, Showing the Pattern of Tattooing, or Scarifying Common to This Group, c. 95 . Portman used force on occasion but was largely successful at simply befriending the various native tribes, including the previously hostile Onge who now have a stable population to this day. During Portman’s visit, he kidnapped four children and an elderly couple. Platinum print, 18. V. In 1880, a 20-year-old explorer named Maurice Vidal Portman landed on the island. Portman and W. V. This is just a taste of the images we have available on our site. of the Superintendent of Govt. Volumes 5 and 6, Bow and arrow-making. Molesworth collection of photographs. Portman and W. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the know…Maurice Vidal Portman (6 F) R. Maurice Vidal Portman (1860 - 1935) served as the Officer in Charge of the. Portman and W. Molesworth collection of photographs. Photograph, portrait, head and shoulders; from an album of forty-six: "Woichela", man of the "Aka Juwai" tribe,Middle Andaman; age, about thirty years; wearing necklace. . Mar 21, 1942 Penang. A History of Our Relations with the Andamanese: Volume 1 - Ebook written by Maurice Vidal Portman. Edited by EdwardBot. Reprinted in 2013 with the help of original edition published long b…The Hon. Upon the arrival of Portman's team, the native Sentinelese tribe fled. Maurice Berkley Portman. Maurice Vidal Portman, which occurred at Axbridge. He found the island was composed mostly of limestone and coral, the. Companies in which he has a work history include Dmo, Doctor Of Osteopathy and Osteopath. 17: Paperback "Please retry" $17. Photograph; from an album of fifty-nine. In this undated photo released by the Anthropological Survey of India,. E. Curator's comments M. Portman and W. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Maurice Vidal Portman (1860–1935), British naval officer. Maurice Vidal Portman (1861-1935) was Assistant Superintendent, Andaman Civil Service 1886-1897; presented a large collection of Andaman artefacts to the British Museum; author: Notes on the Languages of the South Andaman group of tribes (Calcutta, 1898), History of our relations with the Andamanese (2vols, Calcutta. WE regret to record the death of Mr. . Pair of hands holding a piece of "Yolba" cord, a metal prop is used to support the hands. The photo shows a Bengal tiger, which is the national animal of India. Genealogy profile for Maurice Vidal Portman Genealogy for Maurice Vidal Portman (1860 - 1935) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. , India, 1899 - Andaman Islands - 875 pages. 3 He married, firstly, Helen Vidal Harris, daughter of. Photograph; from an album of fifty. It became a bizarre obsession for Maurice Vidal Portman, a naval officer, and his colonial cronies whose attempts to “civilise” the tribes turned into vile series of kidnappings, death. He has shown us the beauty of rainforest biomes, and he has connected us to the people of the Andamans. Maurice Brousseau Found 12 people in California, Connecticut and 10 other states. Twitter. Pig arrow made of iron, wood, cord (fibre), shellac. Fish With Legs. They're probably so aggressive because of this weirdo, Maurice Vidal Portman. Several days passed before they made contact with any Sentinelese, because tribe members disappeared into the. Managed by: Tommaso Valarani:Maurice Vidal Portman (21 March 1860 in London, Ontario, Canada 14 February 1935 in Axbridge, Somerset, UK) was a British naval officer, who is best known for his documentation and pacification of several Andamanese tribes between 1879 and 1901. V. The island is a coral-dinged island the size of Manhattan. A 19th-century photo of islanders fishing with bows and arrows. 95: $91. " Man retired in 1900 to England and lived at Surbiton and later Preston Park in Brighton. View, upper end of South Andaman bow. Maurice Vidal Portman, which occurred at Axbridge. [Andaman Islands, South Asia, M. Much of his time was spent not on administrative duties but in photographing the people of the archipelago; he was engaged in making at his own expense a. Her er han fotograferet blandt øernes indfødte. Two were older, a man and a woman, and the other four were children. November 16, 2023. Andamanese trackers joined him and his armed group of Europeans when they traveled to North Sentinel Island. Maurice Vidal Portman with an Andamanese tribe. Front view of As-B22-17. In the 1880s, when the Andaman Islands were part of the British Empire, a British Officer named Maurice Vidal Portman kidnapped members of the tribe, two of whom quickly died from exposure to disease, prompting the British to return the other tribe members. Maurice Vidal Portman (1861-1935) was Assistant Superintendent, Andaman Civil Service 1886-1897; presented a large collection of Andaman artefacts to the British Museum; author: Notes on the Languages of the South Andaman group of tribes (Calcutta, 1898), History. Source: Reprinted in Satadru Sen (2009) Savage Bodies, Civilized Pleasures: M. Maurice was born in 1833 in Dorset, England. Maurice Berkeley Portman on June 4, 1856, in London, London, England. WE regret to record the death of Mr. wife of Hon. V. Photograph, portrait, head and shoulders; from an album of twenty-five: "Mebul", man of the "Aka Béa-da" Inland tribe, South Andaman; age about forty years. 1970s Allan DeSOUZAA photo of the Sentinelese believed to be from the brief period in the 1990s when they allowed some contact with outsiders. They're probably so aggressive because of this weirdo, Maurice Vidal Portman. V. (Maurice Vidal), 1860-1935: Notes on the languages of the south Andaman group of tribes (Office of the superintendent of government. 2, pp. Original copy of As-B24-53WorldCat is the world’s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. Surname. Actor: Grant. ForTwitter thread here . See moreThe subject is a man named Balia, aged about twenty-five, a member of the Aka Bojigiab tribe from Middle Andaman Island. Pigou (1818-1858), he was a surgeon at the Bombay Medical Service and Calotypist. H. An 2000 article in the American Scholar described how Maurice Vidal Portman, a British naval officer, showed up with an armed contingent, abducted an an old couple and four children, and sailed off to Port Blair with them. Original copy of As/B21/30. , American architect and real estate developer Natalie Portman, Israeli actress; Rachel Portman, British composer; Stephen Portman, American conductor and pianist;. @RespectableLawyer Eventually the British exerted more control of the Andamans under the leadership of Maurice Vidal Portman, named officer in charge of the Andamans. a-b" pair of armbands (Portman. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Edited by WorkBot. Portman is an incredible storyteller and an incredible traveler. Portman and W. Curator's comments M. He produced 15 volumes of photographic albums in total, these are as follows Volumes 1 and 2 Typical heads of the Andamanese. cannibals was the controversial Victorian anthropo logist, Maurice Vidal Portman. Donated by: Maurice Vidal Portman. [1] For a time, Maurice lived in Canada West (Ontario) where he represented East Middlesex in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1861 to 1863. Head and shoulders of an adult Andamanese male being smeared with "KOIOB" on the hollow of his upper lip; he is wearing neck-ornament. Facebook; Twitter; Instagram; Youtube; weibo; wechat. by PORTMAN, Maurice - 1888 This website uses cookies. Much of his time was spent not on administrative duties but in photographing the people of the archipelago; he was engaged in making at his own. Maurice Vidal Portman, who visited these parts three years later. Nevertheless, the first section of the book provides a useful voyage through the early, intertwined years of anthropology and photography, including discussions of Maurice Vidal Portman's ambitious (but unfinished) project, comprising eleven volumes of anthropometric and process studies and four volumes of physiological data and. He managed to escape and reach a creek, where he spent the night with two other convicts. While there, he discovered a series of paths and abandoned villages. A horrific legacy of bizarre sexual photographs, kidnappings, death and disease at the order of a British naval officer more than a century ago has been thrown into the spotlight after the recent. So here's a big thread about this creep and some facts from my decade-long obsession with the island. 320 John Falconer, “Maurice Vidal Portman and the Platinotype in India,” inffi Platinum and Palladium Photographs: Technical History, Connoisseurship, and Preservation , ed. Dispatched to an Andamanese camp “to establish friendly relations” with the locals, according to an 1899 history written by British officer Maurice Vidal Portman, the men said the inhabitants. Adult male squatting on the ground in a forest cutting a tall tree with an adze. Side view of As-B22-11. January 22, 2021. Original copy of As-B26-47Photograph, portrait, head and shoulders; from an album of twenty-five: "Churko", boy of the "Aka Kédé" tribe, Middle Andaman; age about seventeen years. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read A History of Our Relations with the Andamanese: Volume 1. Allen, 1887 - Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) - 229 pages . W. information source for millions of people worldwide. Photo taken by Maurice Vidal Portman of an Andamanese man in the 1890s. . Find the perfect maurice vidal stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Maurice Vidal Portman (1861-1935) was Assistant Superintendent, Andaman Civil Service 1886-1897; presented a large collection of Andaman artefacts to the British Museum; author: Notes on the Languages of the South Andaman group of tribes (Calcutta, 1898), History. Curator's comments M. British naval officer and photographer (1860-1935) M. He is wearing necklace and waist-ornament. He represented East Middlesex in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1861 to 1863. Birth of Cecil Berkeley Portman. These stories are what give Portman his strength and courage to write, talk and share so well. Maurice Vidal Portman was born circa 1860, in birth place. In 1967, a team of anthropologists visited. View and buy royalty free and rights managed stock photos at The British Museum Images. V. #northsentinelisland #sentinelesepeopleMaurice Vidal Portman, Study from the Andaman Islands, c. Available for both RF and RM licensing. such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Berkeley Portman: Birthdate: April 08, 1857:. So here's a big thread about this creep and some facts from my decade-long obsession with the island. 1,4 He was baptised on 19 January 1833 at Bryanston, Dorset, England. Portman and W. 347 Maurice Vidal Portman. Unable to capture their own footage of the Sentinelese, the. V. A History of Our Relations With the Andamanese: Maurice Vidal Portman: 9781377677590: Paperback: GeneralGenealogy profile for Berkeley Portman Genealogy for Berkeley Portman (1857 - 1918) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. Starting at $24. Author. Memorials. animal remains | British Museum. Created by an anonymous user. "82 A". A History of Our Relations With the Andamanese: Maurice Vidal 1860-1935 Portman: 9781363037292: Paperback: Generalline spokesman for this was Maurice Vidal Portman who sometimes used grid backgrounds. 1970s. Portman and his team landed and spent several days ashore. He also observed the Sentinelese people and compared them to the Onges, another tribe from a nearby island. Maurice Vidal Portman. Maurice Vidal Portman (1861-1935) was Assistant Superintendent, Andaman Civil Service 1886-1897; presented a large collection of Andaman artefacts to the British Museum; author: Notes on the Languages of the South Andaman group of tribes (Calcutta, 1898), History of our relations with the Andamanese (2vols, Calcutta. In the 1890s, when he took this picture, Maurice Vidal Portman (1860-1935) was “officer in charge of the Andamanese” in the Andaman Islands, in the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean. Author: Portman, Maurice Vidal. Full story:Genealogy profile for Maurice Berkeley Portman. This ill-fated encounter set the tone for future interactions, with the Sentinelese becoming more overtly hostile. S. Her head is plastered with grey mud, she being in mourning for her husband; wearing. Photos of the 1991 expedition were removed from public display and use of them. He was the son of Edward Berkeley Portman - Viscount Portman (9 July 1799 – 19 November 1888) and Lady Emma Lascelles (1809 – 16 February 1865, buried in Bryanston, England). Download or read book HIST OF OUR RELATIONS W/THE AN written by Maurice Vidal 1860-1935 Portman and published by Wentworth Press. By Oliver Gauss. 4). Several adult male squatting on the beach tying bundle of leaves together. All posts tagged Maurice Vidal Portman. The tragic outcome was the death of the elderly couple due to Western diseases. Portman would return repeatedly to North Sentinel during his 21 years in the Andamans, but he never again caught more than a fleeting glimpse of the Indigenous people. Original copy of As/B21/23. Somerset, on February 14, at the age of seventy-four years. It is a hauntingly beautiful image. Opens a pop-up detailing how to access wechat. Department Asia. M aurice Vidal Portman was a British naval officer, who is best known for his documentation and pacification of several Andamanese tribes between 1879 and 1901. Displaying page 1 of 4894. Nunca se perdonó el final que tuvo su experimento. July 13, 2009. Views of the lower end of three unstrung South Andaman bows. He was first married to Helen Ellen Vidal Harris (25 July 1837 – 1860). 1 He died on 14 February 1935 at age 74. 364–379, ISSN 0094-0496, online ISSN 1548-1425. Portman was made Officer in Charge of the Andamanese in 1879 and for more than 20. Molesworth collection of photographs. Maurice Vidal Portman avec des chefs andamanais aux alentours de 1860. Molesworth collection of photographs. It’s a fairly large island for the estimated 50–500 indigenous tribespeople that live there, and it’s not horribly far from the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Read this book using Google Play Books app on your PC, android, iOS devices. Captain Portman’s interactions could explain why the Sentinelese still reject outsiders in the 21st century. Curator's comments M. Portman and the Andamanese . Portman; Statements. will be found the most satisfactory answers to most of the questions in Notes and Queries on Anthropology’. Turtle skull. In this compelling account, Goodheart, author of 1861: The Civil War Awakening, takes readers to the Andaman Islands, a remote Indian archipelago located in the Bay of Bengal. V. In 1880 Maurice Vidal Portman, a British officer responsible for the Andaman Islands, visited and abducted several Sentinelese people for “scientific purposes” (Schönhuth, 2019, p. Molesworth collection of photographs. He took many photographs of the Great Andamanese people, several of them being of a sexual andCurator's comments M. Originally published in 1890s. Maurice Vidal Portman (1860Portman ( -1935 gained extensive experience during his long-term stay among the natives of the Andaman Islands (Portman, 1888), where his main focus was taking. The study, directed by naval officer Maurice Vidal Portman, forced dozens of Andamanese (a group of tribal people living on the Andaman Island in the Bay of Bengal) to submit to a rigorous physical examination that culminated with a photograph that colonial officials believed had the ability to yield knowledge about native subject difference. (The British Library, London) Since the time of its inception in the mid-19th century, photography in India has been an intimate relationship between the outsider and the insider. 1970s. Build your family tree online. So here's a big thread about this creep and some facts from my decade-long obsession with the island. Vidal Portman ★★★★ About 10,000 people on Earth still. I made. A History of Our Relations with the Andamanese, Volume 1A History of Our Relations with the Andamanese, Maurice Vidal PortmanVolume 1 of A History of Our Relations with the Andamanese: Comp. Half brother of Cecil Berkeley Portman; Gertrude Emma. Portman, Maurice Vidal, 1860-1935. There's been a lot of talk about the missionary killed by the natives of North Sentinel Island. Molesworth collection of photographs. Profile View of an Andamanese Girl. Portman was the third son of The Honorary Maurice Berkeley Portman (of his first marriage, to Helen Vidal Harris) who was in turn the third son of the Edward Portman, 1st Viscount Portman. 82. Maurice Vidal Portman (1861-1935) was Assistant Superintendent, Andaman Civil Service 1886-1897; presented a large collection of Andaman artefacts to the British Museum; author: Notes on the Languages of the South Andaman group of tribes (Calcutta, 1898), History of our relations with the Andamanese (2vols, Calcutta. Side view of As-B22-21. V. 82). , India Collection robarts; toronto Contributor Robarts - University of Toronto Language English Volume 1. At first, the Sentinelese fled into the jungle at the approach of Portman and his men. 320 John Falconer, “Maurice Vidal Portman and the Platinotype in India,” inffi Platinum and Palladium Photographs: Technical History, Connoisseurship, and Preservation , ed. C. Curator's comments M. Author. Photograph; from an album of fifty-nine. This is the approach that Maurice Vidal Portman took during one of the first explorations of the island. Contributor(s): Maurice Vidal Portman (1860 - 1935) - Author Primary Item Type: Book: Identifiers: LCSH Music - East Asia. Portman; edit. Profile View of an Andamanese Girl. Curator's comments M. M. Maurice Vidal Portman In the late 1800s, India was considered one of Britain's major colonial outposts. North Sentinel Island. Pair of hands is holding an arrow head. Maurice Vidal Portman Information Related objects Also known as Maurice Vidal Portman primary name: primary name: Portman, Maurice Vidal other name: other. They're probably so aggressive because of this weirdo, Maurice Vidal Portman. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Find The Exploration and Survey of the Little Andamans. 0. $27. In the photo-chemical field he obtained by elegant. )|Ladybird, A History Of Our Relations With The Andamanese (Volume 2)|Maurice Vidal Portman, Bouboule Ou Une Cure à Vichy|T. It is a hauntingly beautiful image. Author. A History of Our Relations with the Andamanese Volume 2 by Maurice Vidal Portman (2015, Hardcover) About this product. In 1896, for example, Maurice Vidal Portman had argued in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute that in ‘Properly taken photographs. Genealogy for Gertrude Emma Portman (1871 - 1959) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. 11. Maurice Vidal Portman, The Chest and Stomach of a Man of the South Andaman Group of Tribes, Showing the Pattern of Tattooing, or Scarifying Common to This Group,. We appreciate your support of the preservation. A History of Our Relations with the Andamanese, Maurice Vidal Portman. She married Hon. The couple died soon which might have. He took them back to his house on a bigger island, where the British ran a prison, and watched the adults. Eventually, they found and captured six. Painting and Tattooing, photographic print, Andaman Islands | The British Museum Images. Maurice Vidal Portman spent 20 years with the Sentinelese. In the 1890s, when he took this picture, Maurice Vidal Portman (1860-1935) was “officer in charge of the Andamanese” in the Andaman Islands, in the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read A History of Our Relations with the Andamanese: Volume 2. V. XI. Maurice Vidal Portman (1861-1935) was Assistant Superintendent, Andaman Civil Service 1886-1897; presented a. Photograph, portrait, head and shoulders; from an album of forty-six: "Tura", man of the "Aka Bojigiab" tribe, Middle Andaman; age, about thirty-six years; wearing necklace. But they located an elderly couple and a. Berkeley Portman: Birthdate: April 08, 1857: Birthplace: London, Greater London, England. Nevertheless, the first section of the book provides a useful voyage through the early, intertwined years of anthropology and photography, including discussions of. Maurice was baptized in baptism place . He wrote that Mr Portman returned on a couple occasions, but the Sentinelese hid from him each time — but the story was “certainly passed down among the 100 or so inhabitants of the island”. Her er han fotograferet blandt øernes indfødte. Focusing on the work of Maurice Portman, who was “officer in charge of the Andamanese” between 1879 and 1900, I examine the mechanisms by which savagery was constructed in a marginal and newly. 1318. Pair of hands demonstrating how to hold an arrow in a bow before shooting. He took many photographs of the Great Andamanese people, several of them being of a sexual and Curator's comments M. LCSH Musical instruments - East Asia. Le couple meurt rapidement à l’arrivée du convoi sur le continent indien, et Portman se livre à des expériences sur le. He talks about the exploits of Maurice Vidal Portman, which according to him are some pretty creepy shenanigans. Husband of Mary Portman. A History of Our Relations with the Andamanese (Volume 2). SIMPLE PHOTO STUDIO, _____, Nigeria, c. He was the son of Edward Berkeley Portman - Viscount Portman (9 July 1799 – 19 November 1888) and Lady Emma Lascelles (1809 – 16 February 1865, buried in Bryanston, England). Somerset, on February 14, at the age of seventy-four years. Jump to navigation Jump to search. V. Portman was well known. Once there, they captured a group of six islanders. A monograph of his writings on the. In this compelling account, Goodheart, author of 1861: The Civil War Awakening, takes readers to the Andaman Islands, a remote Indian archipelago located in the Bay of Bengal. The first expedition to the island, led by Maurice Vidal Portman, was in January, 1880. British officers regulated different communities in the region — often violently. Maurice Vidal Portman (1861-1935) Licensing [edit] Public domain Public domain false false: This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 70 years or fewer. , India, 1899) (page images at HathiTrust; US access only) Portman, M. View and buy royalty free and rights managed stock photos at The British Museum Images. Maurice Vidal Portman: Cargo Cults And Hermit. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. V. His occupation was a occupation. A History of our Relations With the Andamanese Volume 2: Maurice Vidal Portman: 9781298902696: Hardcover: Australia & New Zealand - GeneralIn the 1890s, when he took this picture, Maurice Vidal Portman (1860-1935) was “officer in charge of the Andamanese” in the Andaman Islands, in the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean. 348 Jane Wolfe. NB: do not confuse with separate items "82. V. He sought to learn more about the island for the British empire. Curator's comments M. After searching for days, the expedition party, led by 20-year-old Maurice Vidal Portman, finally encountered six Sentinelese people. August 22, 2019 Nutu / Alamy Stock Photo 1. Preview this book. Records may include photos, original documents, family history, relatives, specific dates, locations and full names. Portman is a mysterious figure, whose. Read reviews from the world’s largest community for readers. A History of Our Relations With the Andamanese: Maurice Vidal 1860-1935 Portman: 9781363038411: Hardcover: GeneralDuring the encounter with the indigenes, Tewari was hit by three arrows. Photograph, portrait, head and shoulders; from an album of forty-six: "Ira", woman of the "Aka Bojigiab" tribe, Archipelago Islands; age, about thirty years. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Molesworth collection of photographs. Mr. Photograph, portrait, head and shoulders; from an album of twenty-five: "Riala", man of the "Aka Kédé" tribe, Middle Andaman; age about thirty-five years. Maurice Vidal Portman (1861-1935) was Assistant Superintendent, Andaman Civil Service 1886-1897; presented a large collection of Andaman artefacts to the British Museum; author: Notes on the Languages of the South Andaman group of tribes (Calcutta, 1898), History. He produced 15 volumes of photographic albums in total, these are as follows Volumes 1 and 2 Typical heads of the Andamanese. I. Edward Riou (1 C, 6 F) S. Andamanese man sleeping, photographic print, Andaman Islands | The British Museum Images. A history of our relations with the Andamanese : compiled from histories and travels, and from the records of the Government of India; in two volumes by Maurice Vidal Portman ( Book ) 4 editions published between 1899 and 1990 in English and held by 4 WorldCat member libraries worldwide★ 2023-06-15 A study of the Indigenous peoples on an island that “has almost wholly eluded” the outside world. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read A Manual of the Andamanese Languages. Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love. Maurice Vidal Portman (1861-1935) was Assistant Superintendent, Andaman Civil Service 1886-1897; presented a large collection of Andaman artefacts to the British Museum; author: Notes on the Languages of the South Andaman group of tribes (Calcutta, 1898), History. Maurice Vidal Portman (21 March 1860 in London, Ontario, Canada – 14 February 1935 in Axbridge, Somerset, UK) Date: circa 1860 . new. Falko has since shared the screen with house hold names, as upcoming projects. British naval officer and photographer (1860-1935) M. BROWSE; PRICING; ENTERPRISE. Original copy os As-B23-39Photograph; from an album of thirty: "WOICHA", man of the "OKKO-JUWAI" tribe, Eremtaga; age about thirty-five years; standing in front of a chequered grid in a studio, a metal prop supports his right arm. that were either part of. Acquisition name Donated by: Maurice Vidal Portman. 1890. Original copy of As/B21/40. Photograph, portrait, head and shoulder; from an album of twenty-five : "Rima", man of the "Aka Bójígiáb" tribe, Middle Andaman; age about forty years.